The importance of colostrum management protocol cannot be over-emphasised, as many scour-related issues on farm directly correlate to insufficient passive transfer.

Feeding colostrum on farm

The ‘3-2-1 Rule’ is worth recalling at this time of year:

1. Offer milk from the dam’s first milking.
2. Within the first two hours of birth.
3. Offer at least three litres (10% of birthweight).

Typically, there’s sizeable variation in colostrum quality within a herd, with Teagasc research showing that approximately 20% of a herd may have poor quality colostrum, i.e., insufficient antibodies for the calf. Many farmers have started to test colostrum quality using a refractometer to ensure calves are receiving a high-quality first feed, with the threshold of a Brix value > 22% being the quality standard.

Pooling colostrum is regularly practised on farm due to labour constraints. However, combining colostrum from several cows increases the risk of disease spread (e.g., Johnes), reduces passive transfer and dilutes high-quality colostrum. Therefore, aim to offer calves a ‘one-dam-to-one’ calf system to avoid such issues occurring.

It is also important to remember that the calf’s first opportunity to get an infection is through its navel or mouth. Therefore teats, the underbelly of the cow and contact with the calving pen bedding can become a source of infection for a new-born calf. Prolonged time spent in the calving areas is frequently a key issue with disease transfer in herds.

Recent survey results from Moorepark of 48 commerical farms highlighted that stomach tubes and bottles with teats had the greatest quantity of bacteria present.

High levels of hygiene are required when collecting, feeding and storing colostrum with research indicating that clean (no dirt contamination) colostrum allows for increased antibody absorption. Bacterial contamination competes with antibodies at gut level, resulting in reduced passive transfer.

Recent survey results from Moorepark of 48 commerical farms highlighted that stomach tubes and bottles with teats had the greatest quantity of bacteria present.

Excess colostrum can be stored in a fridge at 4°C. However, bacteria will still grow so it can only be refrigerated safely for 24-48 hours. It is an all-too-common sight to see buckets of colostrum in the parlour/dairy, where ambient conditions arise, bacterial counts can double every 20 minutes.

For more information and advice, contact your local Agritech Sales Advisor here.

As spring looms ever closer, we fast approach the influx of the next generation of calves on farm. Replacement heifers born over the next few weeks will calve down in February 2027, become the herds mature stalwart cows of 2030 and the influence we can have on the beginning of their lives will long be felt regarding longevity, milk production, and overall herd health.

Year on year we will discuss, read and write about 3-2-1 rules and how important colostrum management is. Yet conversations still arise around how best to avoid scour outbreaks in sheds, anti-scour remedies etc., and as we face into another spring a back-to-basics approach should be taken with colostrum.

Get the basics right

Its important to remember that the calf’s first opportunity for infection is via its navel or mouth – and its first contact from both will happen in the calving pen. Cows’ underbelly, teats and calving pen bedding become the first source of possible infection for a new-born calf. Hence the importance of good dry cow cubicle management. Prolonged time spent in calving areas are often a key issue with disease transfer in herds, especially where unhygienic conditions as also a factor. From here, all feed equipment must be disinfected before colostrum is collected and fed. Dirt contamination of colostrum is now known to have a negative effect on passive transfer and therefore cleanliness of the collection process is vital.

Storage is also imperative – it is an all-too-common sight to see open buckets of colostrum in the parlour/dairy – and where ambient conditions arise, bacterial counts can double every 20 minutes. A dam-to-calf systems is obviously the ideal, however during extremely compact calving periods this can sometimes be difficult to obtain. Colostrum quality will vary massively between cows depending on age/parity, volume produced, dry period length, and dry cow nutrition, etc.  If we can avoid pooling and use a 1-cow to 1-calf option. At the very least where pooling occurs colostrum must be Brix tested to avoid dilution happening with poor quality colostrum.

Vaccination of the dam is also a key consideration to help reduce risks around calf health. However, it is worth noting, that passive transfer from a vaccine only occurs from dam-calf via colostrum and transition milk, so all of the above applies to get full coverage from vaccinating the herd.

Research has shown where passive transfer is 100% successful mortality rates of <5% is achievable, in stark contrast where passive transfer rates of 85-90% is achieved, mortality rates can increase to ~ 8%.
Treat colostrum management with the respect and attention it deserves.

Feeding colostrum on farm

3-2-1 Rule:

1: Offer milk from the dam’s first milking

2: Within the first two hours of birth

3: Offer at least three litres (approx. 10% of birthweight)

Typically, there is large variation in quality within a herd, with Teagasc research showing that approximately 20% of a herd may have poor quality colostrum, i.e., insufficient antibodies for the calf. Many farmers have started to test colostrum quality using a refractometer to ensure calves are receiving a high-quality first feed, with the threshold of a Brix value > 22% being the quality standard.

Pooling colostrum is often practiced on farm due to labour constraints, however combining colostrum from several cows will increase the risk of disease spread (e.g., Johnes), reduce passive transfer and dilute high-quality colostrum. Where possible, aim to otter calves a ‘one-dam-to-one’ calf system to avoid such issues occurring.

High standards of hygiene are necessary when collecting, feeding and storing colostrum, with research indicating that clean (no dirt contamination) colostrum allows for increased antibody absorption. Bacterial contamination will compete with antibodies at gut level, resulting in reduced passive transfer. Recent results from a Teagasc Moorepark survey of 48 commercial farms highlighted that stomach tubes and bottles with teats had the greatest quantity of bacteria present.

Boosting colostrum quality

If an issue with colostrum quality on farm is identified, feeding soyabean meal to the in-calf cow in the final two weeks pre-calving can boost overall quality. Feeding rates will be silage quality-dependent but typically range from 0.25-0.75 kg/head/day.

Further Advice

For further calf rearing advice or to learn more about our milk replacer range, contact your local Agritech Sales Advisor.

Calves born over the next few weeks will calve down in February 2026, and become the mature stalwart cows of 2029, and the influence we have on the beginning of their lives will be long felt regarding longevity, milk production and the herd’s overall health and wellbeing.

Colostrum is (still) King

Year-on-year we discuss, read and write about 3-2-1 rules, and how important receiving adequate colostrum is. Yet conversations still arise around how best to avoid scour in calf sheds, anti-scour remedies and as we face into another spring, a back to basics approach needs to be taken with colostrum.

It is important to remember that the calf’s first opportunity for infection is through its navel or mouth. Therefore, teats, the cow’s underbelly, and contact with the calving pen bedding become a source of infection for a new-born calf. Prolonged time spent in the calving areas are often a key issue with disease transfer in herds.

All feed equipment must be disinfected before colostrum is collected/fed. Dirt contamination of colostrum is known to have a negative effect on passive transfer and therefore cleanliness of the collection process is vital.

Storage is also important – it’s an all-too-common sight to see buckets of colostrum in the parlour/dairy – and where ambient conditions arise, bacterial counts can double every 20 minutes.

A dam-to-calf system is obviously the ideal. However, during a compact calving period this can sometimes be difficult to obtain in every instance. It’s very important to remember that colostrum quality can vary dramatically between cows. Where pooling occurs, at the very least, colostrum must be brix tested prior to pooling to avoid dilution with poor colostrum.

Factors that affect colostrum quality are short dry periods, parity, high yielders (dilution effect) and poor dry cow nutrition. Vaccination of the dam is also a key consideration on farm to help avoid scour outbreaks. However, passive transfer from the vaccine only occurs from dam-calf via colostrum and transition milk so all of the above still applies.

Research has shown where passive transfer is 100% successful in herds mortality rates of <5% are achievable, in stark comparison where passive transfer of just 85-90% is achieved, calf mortality rates can increase to ~8%.  Treat colostrum with the respect and attention it deserves.

For further advice, contact your local Agritech Sales Advisor.